Understanding Different Types of Gum Problems and Solutions

When it comes to oral health, the gums are just as important as the teeth, but are often overlooked. As The Oral Hygienists Association of South Africa (OHASA) points out, these “unsung heroes” provide essential support and protection for the teeth. As such, health problems concerning the gums can have wider implications for whole-mouth health. Here, we discuss common gum problems and solutions for protecting gum health.

Gum disease

By far the most common gum problem, gum disease affects approximately 90% of South Africans at some point in their lives according to OHASA.  

Gum disease is a bacterial infection of the gums and other tissues that hold the teeth in place. In the early stages, it causes irritation and inflammation of the gums, and may cause the gums to bleed when brushing the teeth. As gum disease becomes more advanced, the teeth can start to loosen and may fall out. 

The most common cause of gum disease is an accumulation of plaque (a sticky bacterial film) on the teeth due to poor oral hygiene. In order to manage gum disease, then, improving oral hygiene routine is vital. Teeth should be brushed twice a day, for two minutes each time, with a fluoride toothpaste formulated for gum health, like meridol® Toothpaste. Not only does the dual-action fluoride formula help to soothe and heal tender gums, it also protects against other dental health conditions like tooth decay. 

Signs of gum disease should always be checked by a dentist. In milder cases, a simple dental cleaning and home oral hygiene guidance can be sufficient to resolve gum problems. However, more advanced cases may need professional treatment.

Canker sores

Also known as mouth ulcers, canker sores are small, painful sores that can affect the oral soft tissues – the gums, tongue, inner cheeks and roof of the mouth. They are typically round with a white or yellowish centre, surrounded by a red, inflamed border.

The Dental Association of South Africa (SADA) says that canker sores are often caused by:

• Biting or chewing the inner cheek or tongue. 
• Dry mouth, a condition where insufficient saliva is produced.
• Deficiencies in vitamins and minerals, such as iron and folate.
• Stress. 

SADA says that canker sores usually heal by themselves in 1-2 weeks. During the healing stage, the following can help to manage discomfort: 

• Sipping ice water. 
• Rinsing with salt water. 
• Avoiding spicy, acidic or crunchy foods. 
• Brushing and rinsing with SLS-free oral hygiene products, like meridol® Toothpaste and meridol® Mouthwash.

For frequent canker sores or those that do not heal after two weeks, a dental exam may be needed to treat the underlying cause and support healing.  

Thrush

Oral thrush is a yeast (fungal) infection that causes white patches or a coating on the soft tissues of the mouth. The coating can sometimes be scraped off, but it may leave behind red patches that bleed. The rest of the mouth will usually be red and sore, and it might be painful to speak, eat or drink.

Thrush is caused by an overgrowth of a yeast called Candida. It is common in people with impaired or underdeveloped immune systems, like babies, the elderly, and those undergoing steroid treatment or chemotherapy. It can also happen during antibiotic treatment, as the antibiotics kill the beneficial bacteria that normally keep Candida under control. Smoking, alcohol, dry mouth and dental decay can also increase the risk. 

Some anti-fungal gels, lozenges, mouth rinses or other treatments are available over the counter from a pharmacist. If thrush is so painful that it interferes with nutrition or hydration, it is not responsive to over-the-counter treatments, or there is an underlying health condition, a medical or dental assessment is recommended.

Denture stomatitis

Denture stomatitis is an infection caused by the same Candida yeast responsible for thrush, but it is typically triggered by wearing dentures. SADA points out that despite the name, denture stomatitis can also affect people with other dental appliances, such as bridges or retainers. It usually happens because of poorly fitting appliances, not using appliances properly (e.g. sleeping in dentures), or not keeping appliances clean. Poor oral hygiene, like not brushing the teeth properly or often enough, can also contribute. 

The signs of dental stomatitis are similar to those of thrush, but discomfort and inflammation may be focused in the areas that come into contact with the dental appliance. 

Denture stomatitis requires treatment from a dentist to manage infection and ensure that dental appliances are properly fitted. A dental professional can also offer advice on proper use and hygiene to prevent future infection. As with any oral health problem, making improvements to oral hygiene habits, like brushing with meridol® Toothpaste twice daily, can have a positive impact.